Between 1830 and 1946, U.S. government officials systematically reclassified an estimated 500,000 to 750,000 Native Americans as “Negro/Black” through census manipulations, vital records tampering, and tribal roll exclusions—a scale of “paper genocide” that exceeded the roughly 388,000–450,000 Africans imported directly during the transatlantic slave trade (1619–1808).[1][2][3] This bureaucratic erasure wasn’t random; it was engineered to…

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